Establish an E-commerce Business

According to International Data Corporation more than ten million people are purchasing goods and services online in the United States alone. E-commerce allows people to exchange goods and services immediately with no barriers of time or distance. E-commerce at its simplest form, is a goal to improve the way business is conducted through technology. I found many E-commerce business sites growing at an exceptional rate. This technology includes marketing and online sales. A business using e-commerce must provide a positive experience for their customers. Because of the increase in the demand by customers, the business must be able to provide properly functional sites. Customers online want the freedom to buy items online from the convenience of their own home. 1. I feel we should establish an E-commerce business of your own book within the next four months, but we must understand brand equity. 2. We should have control over your website, so we must understand the criteria of finding a firm that will obtain this goal. 3. Finally, it is essential that we understand the importance of Electronic Data Interchange aspects of setting up your website. Brand equity is providing access to your site that is error free. Your site should be easy to use and easy to access. By having these things you build customer loyalty. This loyalty becomes an â€Å"extra† that will differentiate your business and products in the eyes of the customer. The most important part of the site is it should be available and ready to take orders. If your system crashes when taking orders, not only are your customers going to have a bad experience but they will not be able to place their order. Most people will take their business elsewhere and there is plenty of competition within E-commerce. In order to run a successful e-commerce site you must be able to control the surges of traffic on your site. These are times where heavy traffic flow could possibly slow your site to a crawl. Websites have a considerable amount to look at when high volumes of traffic occur. The level of control a company has over their site is called Internet Quality Control. There are four main elements such as server control, network control, control of applications and content, and network management. You need these four elements in order to have high control over your web site. An important aspect of e-commerce is the development of EDI. EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange. EDI was developed to increase supplier relationships and reduce costs. The goal of EDI is to eliminate the use of mail courier and fax. With a new paperless exchange companies would be connected electronically. All transactions are conducted through standardized processes to a trading partner. EDI has allowed firms to increase productivity, improved channel relationships, reduce operating costs, and increase ability to compete internationally. The first benefit of EDI is the increase in productivity. Gains in productivity can be seen in both internal and external operations. Externally, companies can find increases in productivity trough in fewer operations. For example most companies traditionally would create invoices with computer systems. The invoice then would be printed out and sent to the customers. The customer would then enter the invoice information into their computer system and then process the order. This process can take days, but with EDI it can happen with minutes. Internally, companies gain productivity through faster transmission of information as well as reduced data entry redundancy. A study by EDI Group, Ltd., reported the companies using EDI experienced reduced cycle times of 40.3% and a drop of error rates of 10.1% to 4.4%. This study shows how EDI can cause firms productivity to increase. E-commerce is revolutionizing how business operates. Be it through improved customer relations and service or increased efficiency leading to immense savings. It is being recognized as not just improving clerical tasks, but as an integral part of doing business today. Within these necessary steps as in brand equity, control over your website, and Electronic Data Interchange will help you land your customers with satisfaction.

Dramatic scene Essay

The courtroom scene of act two is described as the most dramatic scene of the play. How does Miller make it dramatic? In your opinion is it more dramatic than act 4?  The Crucible was written in 1953 by Arthur Miller who was born on the 17th October 1915 in New York City, and wrote many plays including No Villain and All My Sons. The play is based on real events that happened in Salem Massachusetts, and even uses real people for characters in the play such as John Proctor and Abigail Williams, although some details like Abigail’s age has been changed to make the play more acceptable. In 1692 mass hysteria took over due to the witch trials as a group of girls started falling ill and accused people of being witch’s and claimed they where helping the devil, casting spells, sending their spirits out, and various other acts of witchcraft. By the time the trials where over, 140 people where accused in Salem alone and 19 where hanged, 13 died in jail and 1 man named Giles Co rey, who is a minor character in the play, was crushed to death. When Miller visited Salem he was able to look at the court papers, and other resources which helped him to write the play. The crucible was written during McCarthyism when Senator Joseph McCarthy, chairman of the HUAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee), started searching for Communist within the American public. People with grudges would accuse their own neighbours of being involved with communism. Senator McCarthy and special congressional committees would then investigate and the accused would have to go to court and be put on trial where it would be decided whether or not they would go to prison as a consequence, which has a similar structure of that to what happened in Salem. Miller had been interested in the witch trials in Salem since he had started writing plays at the University of Michigan and saw the parallel between the two events and wrote â€Å"The Crucible†. Critic’s newspaper etc immediately saw this as an act against the court, and so in 1956 he was called to court accused of being involved with communism. These chapters of his life where capturing those of a mixture of the characters in his play, as when Miller was asked to give names of those he had seen at a communist meeting, he refused even though it could of resulted in prison. Fortunately Miller did not go to prison. The trials had started to come to an end so that could of effected the result of his trial, but he was also married to Marilyn Monroe at the time who was a well known wealthy celebrity who had contacts who where high up in court and so, that may of also had an helped keep him out of prison. The play starts of inside Reverend Paris’s house. His daughter Betty is lying unconscious on the bed and he is praying at her bedside. The doctor has suggested that her illness may be unnatural, and there are rumours of witchcraft going round the village. Parris is scared to go down and talk to them as it could put his position as minister in jeopardy. We find out that Betty had been dancing in the woods with her cousin Abigail Williams, Tituba who is a black slave from Barbados, and other girls in the village, and Parris suspects that it was what caused Betty’s condition, and challenges Abigail about it. She tells him â€Å"it were only sport† and that Betty took fright and fainted when he jumped out at them. Ruth, the daughter of the Putnam’s is also ill and Mrs Putnam talks of her seven dead babies and tells us she thinks they where murdered by a witch. She introduces the theme of revenge as she believes Rebecca Nurse, who was her midwife and praised throughout the village, killed her babies and wants revenge on her for that. Once the girls are alone Abigail threatens them not to tell of what they did in the woods â€Å"Let either of you breath a word, or the edge of a word, about other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you†. Abigail goes on to talk about what happed to her parents, who where murdered in front of her by Indians â€Å"I’ve seen some reddish work done at night† and we feel so I sympathy for her, and understand why she would be so aggressive. Betty wakes up screaming and Abigail violently tries to shut her up. When John Proctor arrives on the scene Mary Warren is intimidated and he tells her to leave, the rest of the girls soon follow leaving Abigail and Proctor alone. Like Abigail John is also aggressive, especially towards Mary as at the end of act 2 he puts her in a position where she must choose between him and Abigail, and throws her to the floor where she is left in hysterics as she is being threatened by two powerful and aggressive people who are both threatening to hurt her is she doesn’t side with them â€Å"(In terror) I cannot I cannot they will turn on me -â€Å".

International management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International management - Essay Example Even though my previous academic achievements qualify me for a high-level employment opportunity in a management profession, becoming an all-round and outstanding chief executive is my immediate objective. Completing the program in a recognized institution and working for an outstanding organization are, therefore, the important ladders to my dream. Getting an opportunity with such kind of an employer, however, depends on the program that I intend to pursue and the institution from which the degree is acquired. The high level of competition that has arisen in the job market has also prompted my desire to take international management as my second master’s degree in order to match the current high and diversified academic qualifications employers require. Upon completion of the program, I intend to work with a multinational hotel, in which I shall have an opportunity to manage diversified cultures in different legal environments. Using my acquired skills from the course to contribute back to the society is also my aim. I, for instance, intend to apply the acquired knowledge to lecture in ‘business-oriented’ institutions besides contributing in public forums. Upon achieving my professional objective, I also aim at attaining a social status that will command authority to influence and mobilize the youth into productive activities such as entrepreneurial ventures and pursuit for higher education. This is because the youth currently lack professional figures with such authority and my level of passion. However, I can achieve such a social goal only through completing this master’s degree in international management for a highly regarded professional status. Besides my professional and social interest in the program, I have a wide base of strengths that guarantee my ability to complete the degree within the duration stipulated by the institution. Apart from completing my bachelor’s degree, which

RC time constant of a capacitor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

RC time constant of a capacitor - Essay Example At the same time that happens, the upper plate receives electrons making it of a positive charge (Platt). This process is not instantaneous; it takes time. At the beginning, current is high and begins to decrease as charge accumulates on the plates. At the beginning there is no voltage across capacitor but increases as charging continuous. capacitor voltage Vc, increases towards Vb but asymptotically. During the charging and discharging process, exponential laws as below are adhered to Using the requirements provided the circuit was connected as shown above using a 470Â µF and 80,000á ½ ¨ resistor. Measurements using the multi-meter was taken for time intervals of 10seconds. The results of Vc, Vemf-Vc, Ln(Vemf – Vc/Vemf) were recorded in a table 1. At this moment the capacitor was fully charged. The value of voltage across V0 was recorded. The second part of the experiment began by undoing the switch from each procedure above and the timing process was done and table 2 was filled with relevant data Vc, Ln(Vc/V0), and time in table 2. Logger pro was opened and voltage adjusted to zero. Time constant was set to 150seconds. Capacitor was recharged holding the voltage probe across capacitor. Switch was flipped to B and hit collect on logger pro. Natural exponent function was selected on the logger pro. Data obtained was then recorded. The practical objective were met and the practical was successful. Data used for calculation was obtained from finding the average of the data obtained from trials 1 and 2. When a capacitor is connected to a battery, it charges and the rate at which it happens is dependent on the time constant. By opening the switch, the capacitor discharges. The theoretical value of the time constant differ from the practical value obtained after plotting the graph, finding gradient and calculating for time constant. This is due to human measurement errors, faulty components, and faulty meters. Timing in this experiment is the

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit - Essay Example Shutterfly has had great commercial successes and fulfilled 12 million orders, sold 370 million prints, stored one billion consumer photos and their net revenues increased from $31.4 million in 2003 to $54.5 million to 2004 and $83.9 million in 2005. Shutterfly was also voted one among the top 500 fastest growing private companies in 2005. The company also got publicly enlisted and offered about 23.5 million shares of common stock. Shutterfly rides on the growth of the photo industry market that allows online consumers to store, share, print and edit photos for the present and future generations. User friendly websites and increased access to the internet have been increasing the number of online photography users and photo prints have been generating revenue of $10 billion in 2005. Greeting cards, scrapbooks, calendars and other general merchandise on digital photography are some of the other revenue generating consumer products that are sold by the company. However several issues such as branding, competition, innovation and expansion, marketing strategies, profits and growth, market shares, consumer preferences have to b considered to analyse the various orientations to growth or profits. It would be interesting to analyse whether profits or growth of a company should be brought about with two different forms of governance, one for increasing profits and other for increasing growth. Certain firms tend to give equal attention to profits and to growth and may allocate equal amount of resources to bring about profits and growth and costs, quality and time spent on PG and PP efforts would be the same (also in Armstrong and Levesque, 2002). It would be necessary to understand whether the PP and PG efforts of a company are opposed or mutually beneficial. In certain cases, the firm would focus only on increasing profits and in certain cases the focus is on growth. With the focus on both profits and growth, there may be conflicting market ori entations and strategies although this would be an interesting combination to analyse the firm's success. Roper (1999) delineated how strategy choices affect market position and business performance of firms and suggested that a firm's turnover growth and return on assets are weakly related for short-term profits. Roper also states that firm performance also depends strongly on strategy choice, with turnover growth being particularly strategy dependent. Thus turnover growth and general profitability of a company as well as long term growth of a company would be all related to strategy choice. Even in case of Shutterfly's business analysis, the primary importance could be given to the strategy and market choices used by the company. Considering the uses of PG and PP, it would be interesting to note that when both PP and PG are allocated, executed and achieved simultaneously, they would together increase the total value of the firm. When these models are used exclusively, then downturn in the firm's performance can lead to the use of an alternate model so the focus would be on either of the two, the PP model or the PG model and either the profits or the growth of the company would be important. In fact Han (2005) noted that the management of two paradoxical forces such as pro-growth strategy and pro-profit strategy could provide for strategic ambidexterity

Close Analysis of Citizen Kane Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Close Analysis of Citizen Kane - Assignment Example Strong backlighting is applied in making the characters appear anonymous to the viewers; for example, when Kane is told that Mariah has been packing the entire morning. Smoke was filled in a room to illustrate the light beams that emanate from the projectors and the lamps. Cinematography utilizes great composition. This is effectively through mirror reflection. The reflection shows, analysis of the life of the characters, and also illustrating adequately composed image. The mirror enables the camera to illustrate several reflections of the characters. The inventive application of lighting and shadow in the film shows a genre that has dark and moody environment to illustrate mysterious and violent scenes. Like the scene where Kane tries in vain to convince Susan to stay. Classical Hollywood narrative is a concept applied in film history. The narrative illustrates both visual and sound techniques for developing motion pictures and production techniques in the American film sector, during the period â€Å"golden age of Hollywood.† Citizen Kane is classic film; this is because it was produced during the â€Å"golden age of Hollywood.† Classical film style applies the continuity editing principle. This is because the sound recording and the camera do not concentrate on themselves. In Citizen Kane, the cameras also focus on the background, like the several statues at the beginning of the clip. The classical narration has psychological motivation. This illustrates the human character will, towards a given goal. Kane illustrates the great desire to convince Susan not to leave. But, Susan has made up her mind to leave, despite the pleas of Kane. Classical Hollywood narrations have continuous time flow. The flow is only interrupted during flashback. Flashback is applied in Citizen Kane to show the memory sequence. Classical Hollywood overcomes the two

Why you should grow your own garden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why you should grow your own garden - Essay Example Diabetes has also been known to result from having too much pesticide in the bloodstream, and makes up for its slightly lower lethality for its potential to prolong ones suffering (Norton). Either way, this problem is definitely something that warrants concern. II. Fruits and vegetables have always been sought after for their nutritional value. This being the case, for them to have such terrifying health risks as a result of being dunked in pesticides is not only ironic, but a major, major danger as well. B. (Satisfaction) This is rewarding, not merely because it minimizes the health risks involved, but also because of the rush of fulfillment that will most definitely come as a result. C. (Visualization) Thus, while definitely demanding and taxing, having your own garden will surely be a step in the right direction. C. An article on CNN (2012) actually talks about this, relating the story of Madeline Martinez who heard the call to agriculture after a very painful awakening in the form of type 2 diabetes. Not long after receiving the fateful diagnosis from her endocrinologist, she set up growing organic food in her backyard, buying broccoli, cucumber and tomato seeds, as well as those for various herbs, for her to grow there. And in the 4 months that followed, she went on to lose 16 lbs. – a feat explained by the combination of her own vitamin-rich produce and the effort she put in producing it. II. And besides the health benefits involved, Martinez also speaks of how the costs of maintaining her garden were more than offset, as well as of the wonderful opportunity it gave her to teach her nieces such values as responsibility and hard work. B. Not only will your health take a dramatic turn for the better as a result – especially since the pesticide-ridden veggies will have become a thing of the past – you’ll surely encounter psychological benefits as well, laboring on your own garden and reaping the literal

Write a management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write a management report - Essay Example The memo therefore proposes that management should consider identifying the cost drivers and monitor its activities to control their costs. In assessing whether to accept special orders, management needs to accurately compute contribution margin by only considering the variable costs. Fixed costs should only help in determining the break-even point for special orders. Performance evaluation should as well focus on factors that are within employees control rather than incorporating non-controllable costs elements to evaluate the employees working in the SMU2 sector. The major concern of the SMU2 department is the use of inappropriate cost allocation model for the MP product where material costs, labour costs and variable costs are allocated to the product based on estimates. The allocation of material and labour costs to the MP product is acceptable since these are direct costs incurred in the product manufacturing. Allocation of factor overheads especially remaining factory costs should however be reviewed. These overheads should not be allocated to MP on a fixed percentage basis since MP special order sales only accounts for 2% of the revenue. Allocating the overheads on a fixed proportion therefore inflates the costs and reduces the contribution margin. In addition, allocation of media and promotion costs for SMU1 and SMU2 further fails to consider the cost drivers of the activities. Marketing costs should not be allocated depending on the weight of the products but the revenue derived from the effectiveness of such advertisement. This was, management will have to identify the increase in sales resulting from the incremental costs on advertisement. Allocation of management costs to the various products and departments has also failed to take into account the volume allocation and the level of activities performed by such shared staff on the various products. Activity based costing should be used to monitor the activities of the management to the

Leadership Plan to Facilitate Prof. Dev. focusing on BrainSMART Essay

Leadership Plan to Facilitate Prof. Dev. focusing on BrainSMART strategies - Essay Example Some of the brain exercises that is necessary for people at different facets of life facing different problems are also discussed. Brain learning system has become an important tool in the hands of educators for increased professional development of the students. Through this system iit is possible to improve concentration, participation, social skills, language ability, ability to express ideas eyc could be improved a lot. In order to use this system, the educators have to be properly trained and should understand the concept behind this. But most of the educators are unaware of this fact and many of them would not like the idea of connecting this to the lesson plans. Research has revealed that it is possible to increase the levels or scores of the student by incorporating this system into the class room instructions.( Chiappetta, 2009). Leadership is a quality, which could be developed by proper brain exercises. This is a quality that require tremendous ability to communicate, understand emotions of the people, control one's own emotions, social interaction, skills for speech and to get the attention of audience. The success in this aspect depends on how brain is processing the intelligence and through proper brain exercises it is possible to improve IQ of a person and thereby his leadership ability (Dickmann & Stanford-Blair, 2002) The brain research has started in full swing after the innovation of technologies for electroencephalograms, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging etc, which have enabled scientists around the world to understand the changes that are taking place in the brain at each and every moment. The brain exercises have been perfected based on such studies and therefore are reliable. A person, whether he is a student or an employee at a lower level or a business executive, he could benefit a lot from brain exercises (Dickmann & Stanford-Blair, 2002). The overall advantages of doing brain exercises could be summarized as follows (Bailey, 2009). It would increase the potential of the brain by improving the span of attention, increase social skills and improve social behavior and it would reduce fight for power. Thus it would help in building bonds with people rather than disrupt it. Most of the mental disabilities could be masked by brain exercises. Different students have different learning style. The teacher should allow the students to adopt their learning style to learn. This is because a student who is learning in his or her own learning style would be able to learn better and the topic would be more meaningful to her/him (Conyers and Wilson, 2005, p.45). Thus it is very important that the teachers should understand how brain affects learning and incorporate their knowledge in the classroom so that the place would be regarded as a safe place by students and would lead to positive development emotionally and socially. There are five different learning styles for any student (Given, 2002), which should be understood by the educators for making them to learn more effectively. They are

Engage in personal development in health Essay Example for Free

Engage in personal development in health Essay These are a description of my duties and responsibilities within my work role as expressed in the national occupational standards. *Provide Support for Learning Activities Speaking to the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what I need to do and which group I will be working with. At the end of the lesson I give feedback to the teacher on how the group managed the task and identify any child who may need a little extra help. *Help to Keep Children Safe I have to help keep children safe during work, activities, play. I have to respond to accidents and report to the appointed first aider. I also encourage positive behaviour. *Contribute to Positive Relationships I need to praise and encourage the children, make sure they know the school and classroom rules and deal with any bad behaviour fairly. I must make sure my behaviour is appropriate and respectful at all times. *Provide Effective Support for your Colleagues I need to provide consistent and effective support at all times with my colleagues .I must continually develop my own skills and knowledge with ongoing training and feedback to be able to benefit myself and colleagues. *Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities I speak with the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what support I will be required to give and to which children/group. What the activities will be and what resources are required. To make sure I have the correct workbooks with me. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher on how the children found the task and to identify any problems such as a child needing extra help to complete the work. *Support the Use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning I make sure the I-pads are in the classroom for the activity, I help them to use the resources safely and effectively.  When the I-pads are finished with I return them to the charging unit put them on charge so they are ready to be used for the next lesson. *Observe and Report on Pupil Performance I listen to readers on a one to one basis and if I feel a pupil is struggling I report this to the teacher we discuss what level the reading book is and possibly changing the level to a more manageable one for the pupil. *Provide Displays The pupils drew, coloured and cut out pictures of roman soldiers, I and a colleague stuck the individual soldiers on to a roll of coloured paper and then stuck them to on to the bottom of the wall in the corridor outside the classroom so it looks like soldiers marching into the classroom. This is a very good learning resource as it reinforces’ what the pupils have already learnt in topic. If any of the displays have been damaged I would remove and replace these as to keep the display boards tidy and up to date. *Invigilate Test and Examination I was asked to sit with a pupil who was required to take a maths test on their own. I made sure I was very clear on what was required of me as the test had very strict instructions on what I could say when I was reading the questions and I clarified with a colleague on what help I was allowed to give. I also made sure I had all the resources required before I began the test. *Support Pupils Learning Activities For Read Write and Inc I speak with my colleague about the group I’m working with as to which book we are on, how much support each pupil needs and if I can extend the work if this is needed. At the end of each lesson I give feedback to the teacher of any problems I or a pupil had and how I felt I dealt with the lesson, I would ask if there was anything I could improve on or do differently for the next lesson. *Promote Positive Behaviour Make sure the pupils and I follow the school and class rules. *Develop and  Promote Positive Relationships Making sure I am always polite to the pupils and colleagues. Follow the schools code of conduct, encourage positive behaviour and speak fairly to any pupil who is not following the rules. *Support the Development and Effectiveness of Work Teams I always ask colleagues if there any jobs they would like me to do once I have completed my own and I am always on time and support the whole team. *Support Literacy Development I speak with my colleague before the beginning of Read Write Inc so I can make sure I fully understand which group I will be working with, what activities I will be doing and the level of support required. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher as to the progress of the groups so the pupil’s individual levels can be monitored as to their stages need altering or additional help required. *Support Numeracy Development I speak with my colleague before the lesson is due to start and go through my planning sheet to check all the resources are available, I would also ask which group I have and what level of support to give. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback on how the group/pupil worked so the teacher can make sure the individuals are working at their correct levels. *Prepare and Maintain the Learning Environment As soon as I arrive at school I ask the colleagues what jobs need to be done i.e., photo copying work sheets, work books out, if it’s art I would get the paint pots, brushes, paint shirts, paints and paper out ready to use. *Promote the Transfer of Learning from Outdoor Experience On a recent school trip we went to a museum where we were able to do activities about the Romans, this supports the topic which the pupils have been doing in the class room. From this trip the pupils were able to write accounts of what it would have been like to dress and march like Roman soldiers as they had experienced this on the school trip. The pupils are able to reflect on what was seen on the trip and write very detailed accounts. In my job as a support assistant I am expected to abide by the school code of practice. It is extremely important that I adhere to these rules as staff must recognise the importance of their role in creating a positive atmosphere of care and respect for others. http://www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk/info/policies/Anti%20Bullying.pdf . If a pupil reports an incident of bullying to me I would report the incident to the pupil’s class teacher as in accordance with the schools anti bullying policy. By abiding by the Health and Safety policy I am ensuring that I keep colleagues and pupils safe and not putting anyone in a situation where an accident could happen. I must make sure I am always aware of any updates to the schools policy so I am able to be effective within my role. I need to get regular feedback from my colleagues as to my own performance, by doing this I can see where improvement is needed and if a different approach would have been more effective. This ensures the pupi ls are continually getting the best support available. Bibliography www.gov.uk (accessed 12/10/2014) www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk (accessed 14/10/2014)

Role of Glucagon Analogues in Cardiovascular disease

Role of Glucagon Analogues in Cardiovascular disease The Potential Role of Glucagon – Like Peptide – 1 (GLP-1) Analogues in Cardiovascular disease Introduction People who have a diagnosis of diabetes have a triple chance of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and unfortunately poorer clinical outcomes following myocardial infarction, angioplasty and bypass surgeries (Hausenloy and Yellon 2008). It is estimated that CVD is responsible for 65% of deaths in people with type 2 diabetes (Burge 2012). Management of diabetes includes identifying, preventing and managing CVD risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension (NICE 2014). Other risk factors for CVD include poor or inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, smoking, central obesity, psychosocial factors, altered lipids, inactivity and unsafe alcohol consumption (World Heart Federation 2014; Yusuf et al 2004). GLP-1 analogues indicated to treat diabetes have been shown to have cardiovascular benefits (Hausenloy and Yellon 2008). GLP – 1 GLP – 1 is an incretin naturally occurring in the body and is secreted due to the presence of food in the ileum, increasing endogenous insulin, inhibiting glucagon, thereby reducing post – prandial hyperglycaemia and is also responsible for controlling appetite and satiety (Hausenloy and Yellon 2008; Sheikh 2013). GLP -1 does not cause hypoglycaemia because its actions are inhibited when blood glucose is ≠¤ fasting levels (Hausenloy and Yellon 2008). GLP- 1 receptors are extensively distributed throughout the body: in the brain, lungs, intestines, stomach, pancreas, and heart. GLP-1 itself has a half – life of 1 – 2 minutes after secretion (Burge 2012; Zhao 2013). The presence of the receptors in the heart has been the focus of new research. Cardiovascular effects In animal studies GLP – 1 was seen to cause vasodilation (Brown 2012). An increase in heart rate and blood pressure were both observed in rats that were either conscious or sedated, but there is some controversy with the mechanism (Zhao 2013). When GLP-1 has been infused dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy showed improved cardiac performance after GLP – 1 infusion (Zhao 2013). Left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were improved after GLP – 1 infusion in decompensated heart failure (Zhao 2013). Ban et al (2008) work on mouse heart as cited in Brown (2012) has shown that there are GLP – 1 receptors in the endothelium and cardiac myocytes. When GLP – 1 was administered during reperfusion studies cardiac damage was less likely (Brown 2012). Apart from the animal studies, there have been some phase 2 trials in humans with CVD (Zhao 2013). The first investigators to prove that infusing GLP – 1 for 3 days improved â€Å"global and regional left ventricular wall motion scores† in patients with dysfunction of the left ventricle after myocardial infraction was Shannon’s group (Zhao 2013). They also concluded that there was reduced hospital stay and mortality as an in – patient. Several weeks post discharge these effects remained. An experimental study of 14 people with coronary artery disease who were treated with GLP – 1 at a rate of 1.2pmol/kg/min resulted in improvement of left ventricular function (Zhao 2013). This was corroborated by another study of 172 patients who were treated with exenatide at a rate of 0.12 µg/min for 6 hours post elevation of ST – segment MI. A retrospective study of 420,493 people found that individuals who received treatment with exenatide were less likely to experience cardiovascular event, hospitalization due to CVD or all cause hospitalization when compared to non – exenatide treated people even though they were more likely to be obese, have prior CVD, high cholesterol and other co – morbidities at baseline (Best et al 2011; Brown 2012). The use of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes did not show an increase in cardiovascular disease and similarly liraglutide was not associated with any major adverse cardiac event in an analysis of phase 2 and 3 trials (Sheikh 2013). Hypertension Animal studies utilizing GLP – 1 have concluded a decrease in hypertension development in Dahl salt – sensitive rats (Zhao 2013). This decrease in blood pressure was also observed in human trials with the GLP – 1 agonists exenatide and liraglutide. A meta – analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials of 5860 people of which 3443 were randomized to a GLP – 1 agonist concluded that exenatide and liraglutide caused a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 1 – 5 mmHg when compared to other hypoglycaemic medication and placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Wang et al 2013). The LEAD trial concluded that liraglutide caused a reduction of systolic blood pressure ranging 3.6 – 6.7mmHg within 2 weeks of starting therapy (Burge 2012). This effect was seen for the full 26 weeks of the trial. The DURATION trial also reported reduction in systolic blood pressure (Burge 2012). Data from 6 trial concluded that subjects with T2DM who were treated for 6 months with exenatide saw a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (Zhao 2013). There is also promising data from phase 3 trials of liraglutide which concluded that there may be reduction in systolic blood pressure when liraglutide is used with other agents such as metformin (Zhao 2013). Exenatide use reportedly cause a fall in systolic blood pressure in obese patients with T2DM who were also treated with insulin (Sheikh 2013). This decrease in systolic blood pressure was confirmed by an analysis of 2171 patients (Sheikh 2013). Liraglutide was also reported to cause a reduction in systolic blood pressure in Asian patients (Sheikh 2013). Conclusion The data from the use of GLP-1 in both animal and human studies show consistent reduction in systolic blood pressure a known risk factor for both cardiac disease and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). There have also been promising signs that there may be a GLP – 1 cardio protective effect post cardiac damage and improvement in left ventricular function. It is not clear whether the doses used to treat diabetes will provide the same level of reduction in systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular protection in the longer term. More clinical studies are required focusing the benefits of GLP-1 analogues on the cardiovascular system as the data will not only provide benefits to patients with T2DM but also patients who are at risk or suffer a CVD. References Best, J. H., Byron J. Hoogwerf, B. J. and Hussein, M. A. (2011) ‘Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Prescribed the Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist Exenatide Twice Daily or Other Glucose-Lowering Therapies’, Diabetes Care, 34(1), pp. 90 – 95. American Diabetes Association. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005487/?report=reader (Accessed: 22 September 2014). Brown, N. (2012) ‘Cardiovascular Effects of Anti-Diabetic Agents: Focus on Blood Pressure Effects of Incretin-Based Therapies’, Journal of American Society of Hypertension, 6(3), pp. 163 – 168. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3422131/ (Accessed: 22 September 2014). Burge, T. (2012) The Effects of GLP-1 on Cardiovascular Health. Available at: http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/articles/54-feature/13201-the-effects-of-glp-1-on-cardiovascular-health (Accessed: 11 September 2014). Hausenloy, D. J. and Yellon, D. M. (2008) ‘GLP-1 Therapy: Beyond Glucose Control’, Circulation: Heartfailure, 1, pp. 147 – 149. [Online]. Available at: http://circheartfailure.ahajournals.org/content/1/3/147.full (Accessed: 11 September 2014). NICE (2014) Managing type 2 diabetes. Available at: http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/diabetes#path=view%3A/pathways/diabetes/managing-type-2-diabetes.xmlcontent=view-index (Accessed: 17 September 2014). Sheikh, A. (2013) ‘Direct cardiovascular effects of glucagon like peptide-1’, Diabetology Metabolic Syndrome, pp. 5 – 47. [Online]. Available at: http://www.dmsjournal.com/content/5/1/47 (Accessed: 11 September 2014). Wang, B., Zhong, J., Lin, H., Zhao, Z., Yan, Z., He, H., Ni, Y., Liu, D. and Zhu, Z. (2013) ‘Blood pressure-lowering effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide: a meta-analysis of clinical trials’, Diabetes, Obesity Metabolism, 15(8), pp. 737 – 749. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23433305 (Accessed: 23 September 2014). World Heart Federation (2014) Cardiovascular disease risk factors. Available at: http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/ (Accessed: 17 September 2014). Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Dans T, Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., Lisheng, L. and INTERHEART Study Investigators (2004) ‘Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study’, Lancet, 364(9438), pp. 937-52. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364185 (Accessed: 17 September 2014). Zhao, T. (2013) ‘Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and protective effects in cardiovascular disease: a new therapeutic approach for myocardial protection’, Cardiovascular Diabetology, pp. 12 – 90. [Online]. Available at: http://www.cardiab.com/content/12/1/90 (Accessed: 11 September 2014).

The Axiological Dimension of Tolerance :: Psychological Social Papers

The Axiological Dimension of Tolerance ABSTRACT: I contend that tolerance is not the expression of a simple attitude, but constitutes a moral value which penetrates all spheres of social life. My argument assumes that globalization is a fundamental tendency of the contemporary world and that the ideal of such a world cannot be enacted without tolerance. After identifying the constituent elements of this value and its conditions of functioning, we conclude that any reconstruction of human society from the globalization point of view presumes tolerance as a fundamental factor. Functional tolerance assumes that everyone enjoys similar education in the spirit of tolerance at any age and any level. The future of humanity depends upon such a solution in the face of current woes. Overthrown to most intimate structures, the contemporary society sets itself again on the principle of globality. An older global tendency is asking its right to existence. Indisputably, the ampleness and the gravity of the problems confronting the humankind need a global approach, in order to find the saving solution. But "globality" or "mondialization" does not mean a uniform and indistinct totality swarming with the slogan of economic efficiently, no matter how important would it be. A such point of view, if it exists in somebody's mind, is a monstrosity and it cannot be accepted as such. Justified by the condition of the humankind in this millenium end, globalization presumes the difference and coexistent individualities on the ground of common and unanimous accepted values and ideals. In turn, the difference entails the democracy as a constitutive part of a mondializing process. Of course, it is not about a globalization of the democracy, but a need of democracy, which asserts itself in different forms and situation on all the meridians of the earth. It is quite clear that the diversity and democracy are ones of that is named now postmodernism. To live in a world, which is evolving or should be in accordance with these principles is near impossible out of the tolerance. Among others, the tolerance becomes necessarily the guiding star of the individual and human community by their will and action to reach the noble ideals of Good, Prosperity and Peace. But what is tolerance? Keeping its means from the Latin, the notion of tolerance means to support, to allow, enduring. These meanings refer to behavior expressing the acceptance of the individual, community or situation embodied difference. It could be talking about an ontological sense of the tolerance appearing in the endless variety of the manifesting existence forms.

Increasing Rates of Child Malnutrition in India Essay -- world hunger

INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is a critical issue that affects children worldwide. Given that, the social determinants of health are defined as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, including the health system"(World Health Organization, 2009). These conditions are ''shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels"( World Health Organization, 2009). More generally, when dealing with the issue of child malnutrition, there are many leading factors that contribute to the issue. A basic definition of malnutrition is "lack of the minimum amount of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients essential for health and proper growth"(San Francisco Aids Foundation, 2009). Some social determinants of health factors that lead to child malnutrition can be a lack of nutrition, socio economic status, poor housing, food security, immunity and employment. The social determinants of health framework that will be examined to understand the issue of poverty is nutrition and socioeconomic status. A lack of nutrition can affect the child in its inability to grow to their full potential. Also, socioeconomic status is a very significant factor as one of the leading causes of malnutrition. Living in a third world country, like India, it is difficult to have a high socioeconomic status due little income, as well as people are not really educated to have good employment opportunities. In saying this, Henry Chu's Los Angeles Times article "India's gnawing pain; Almost hair the children are malnourished in a nation that touts its economic growth and sees itself as a rising power" discusses the socioeconomic factors, as well as the factor of nutrition whic... ..., because it would also benefit the economy in the future. Since the economy is rising in India, policies such as better health care and nutritional programmes should be in place. Acting on this issue immediately will result in a lower health costs for the children’s future. From a global perspective people are deprived from certain rights due to poverty. Children face many challenges to transition from a child to a young adult because their health is not taken into consideration. Later in life, children can have many complications that affect their mental health that will stay with them forever. Treatment needs to be done earlier in a child’s life so it does not affect their mental health in the future. In saying this, Chu's article elaborates on the effect of nutrition in children, but more policies are needed to ensure that children will be set for their futures.

The Boston Massacre Essay example -- essays research papers fc

The Boston Massacre was and is still a debatable Massacre. The event occurred on March 5, 1776. It involved the rope workers of the colonial Boston and two British regiments, the twenty-ninth and the fourteenth regiments. Eleven people were shot in the incident; five people were killed and the other six were merely wounded. The soldiers and the captain, Thomas Preston, were all put on trial. All were acquitted of charges of murder, however the two soldiers who fired first, Private Mathew Killroy, and Private William Montgomery, the two soldiers were guilty of manslaughter. The causes were numerous for this event. There had been a nation wide long-term dislike towards the British, and a growing hatred towards them by the people of Boston. Even before the two regiments were sent in to monitor Boston there was a growing feud before the two sides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The population of Boston in 1765 was over twenty thousand people, and it was the second largest city in the country. The city was split up into two political factions, the loyalists, also known as the â€Å"Tories† were loyal to the British nation and respected and followed their policies. The other group was the Patriots, they too pledged alliance with the British, but they also believed strongly in their colonial rights, and more often then not went against parliamentary decisions. America still had not declared independence from England in 1765, and was expected to follow the rules of the parliament and the King. The government like all other states was structured differently, but the people elected their representatives. Unlike the British who let the people vote, but they are â€Å"indirectly represented† by Parliament. The stamp act was one of the first things Britain did to upset the colonies. John Adams who was a prospering young lawyer at th e time, called the Stamp Act â€Å"That enormous engine, fabricated by the British Parliament, for battering down all the rights and liberties of America.† The stamp act put a tax on legal documents, and other paper items. The Americans called this â€Å"Taxation without representation†, because they didn’t have any elected officials in Parliament, who were representing them. The Americans petitioned the administration, but the King and Parliament simply ignored our pleas. This act caused the formation of the loyal nine. The Loyal Nine were a group of several Bo... ... device that let first offenders off without punishment, priest used it. They were not put to death. They were set free, but only after they had been branded on the thumb. The Boston Massacre was an event that only strengthened colonial America’s hatred toward the British nation. People could answer the question of whether or no the Boston Massacre was truly a massacre differently. In my mind, yes, it was a massacre, I believe this because in the dictionary it states that a massacre is, â€Å"The unnecessary, and indiscriminate killing of a large number of human beings or animals.† I would have to say five people is a large number of human beings to kill in one sitting. BIBLIOGRAPHY Lukes, Bonnie L. 2000. The Boston Massacre. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Freedman, Russell. 2000. Give Me Liberty. Library in congress cataloging-in-publication data. Hull, Mary E. 1999. The Boston Tea Party. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers. Stout, Neil R. 1976. The Perfect Crisis. New York, NY: New York University Press. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761579296 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0808436.html http://earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/massacre.html

CODA: Family Awareness, Individual Growth

CODA Language is obviously a vital tool. Not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendships, cultural ties, and economic relationships. Throughout history, many have reflected on the importance of language. For instance, the scholar Benjamin Whorf has noted that language shapes thoughts and emotions. John Stuart Mill said that â€Å"Language is the light of the mind. Lionel Groulx, a Quebec historian, put it this way: â€Å"Chacun retient toutefois que la supreme revelation du genie national, la clef magique qui donne acces aux plus hautes richesses de la culture, c’est la langue,† Meaning: Each retains, however, that the supreme revelation of the national genius, the magic key that gives access to the highest wealth of culture, it is the language. The success of an endeavour hinges on the ability to communicate effectively in today's fast paced life, everyone is asked to do more with less.In such a scenario effective communication ho lds the key. Effectively communication centers round the usage of words, speed of delivery of words, pitch modulation and body language. Sometimes communication can be a variety of different ways in one household. Language is an important part of ones’ own identity. â€Å"Mother father deaf† is a phrase commonly used in the deaf community to identify hearing children with deaf parents. Currently there are 28 million deaf and hard of hearing people in the United States. About 85% to 90% of children born to deaf parents are able to hear.Those children are referred to as CODAs (children with deaf adults). There are these families who face challenging obstacles between the two worlds including parenting challenges. CODA is an organization established for the purpose of promoting family awareness and individual growth in hearing children of deaf parents. CODA addresses bicultural identity through conferences, support groups and resource development Children with deaf parent s are as varied as children in the general population. Children with deaf parents can achieve just as much as any other child as well.Schools have a hard time with children and parents who have such issues. School board administrators are uncertain as to their legal obligation to provide communication access for deaf parents. For deaf parents, information is available for help on this subject but as a short; be aware of legal responsibilities of schools for the parents sake. Many adult children of deaf parents report that entering school was a difficult period of adjustment for them sense some teachers believe that students with deaf parents are in need of speech therapy or special education.When in contrast, its not necessary. Two of the earliest CODA success stories were Edward Miner Gallaudet and his brother Thomas, whose parents co-founded the first school for the deaf in the United State. Thomas became an Episcopal minister and helped establish one of the first churches for dea f people. Edward founded the world’s only liberal arts higher education institution for deaf students. However, many CODAs enter fields of work that have nothing to do with deafness and still succeed at high levels.Texas attorney/politician Homer Thornberry became a member of congress, federal judge, and nominee to the United States Supreme Court. The list of CODAs who have earned Ph. D. degrees is very lengthy. Louise Fletcher, the daughter of a prominent deaf Episcopalian minister, won an Oscar for best actress in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest in 1975. There are so many more success stories that could be listed but there are also the individual stories from CODAs themselves. â€Å"How did you learn to talk? , Is asked towards Jake, a CODA with deceased deaf parents. His reply was, â€Å"I was the firstborn, and there were no other hearing people who would regularly stop by, so I learned how to speak when I was old enough to go outside to play with the other heari ng children around 4 or 5. † Two or more years of age is when the average child begins to talk, this means that a child with deaf adult is libel to take longer to begin its own speech. The next question, â€Å"how did your parents manage parent-teacher meetings at school? this came the reply of, â€Å"they never went†¦ however, I do remember one time my mother did come to school, while my first grade class was in session, and I subsequently found out that it was because she was told that I needed to repeat the first grade. † I believe that if deaf adults were aware of their rights with their children, communication with school staff wouldn’t be an issue and parents would love to know about their children’s achidemic progress, and so issues with their child would promptly disappear.A third question was asked, â€Å"Were your parents actively involved in the deaf community? If so, did they bring you along to deaf events and social gatherings? † followed by the answer, â€Å"yes, my mother would bring us to various deaf functions in the Philadelphia area (where she grew up), such as functions at church, movie night†¦ My father was from New Jersey, so all four of us would go to the deaf clubs and functions in New Jersey. I think hearing children born with deaf parents grow up feeling a part of both the deaf and hearing communitys, â€Å"but many deaf, especially ones I meet for the first time as an adult, seem to put us in a strictly hearing category and ignore me somewhat,† exclaims Jake. I don’t think that is exactly fair considering that hearing children with deaf adults do grow up with the same life style and they do know the challenge most deaf go through. Yet, there are many assumptions that are far from correct. Such assumptions as, deaf parents cannot hear or speak, is a myth that is far from true.In fact, almost all deaf people can speak, although the clarity may vary they still can. Many deaf pe ople have had bad experiences using speech to communicate. Sense as children, many deaf persons were forced to speak, and they are also aware of the negatively noted reactions made by the public sense their speech is not impeccable. Another assumption of, all children with deaf parents know sign language, is incorrect. Many CODAs consider American Sign Language as their first language but some deaf parents are oral speakers and choose not to sign to their children. Read also  Summary : Love Is Never SilentMany parents also encourage their children to use English exclusively. CODA helps many families in these situations figure out what to do for their children though. CODAs international servise is there helping so many families that would struggle with the diversity in a household. â€Å"Deaf community† has developed for over the last two centries, and is based on shared experiences of deafness. Children with deaf parents have shared the same experiences without the physical attribute itself, that’s why there is CODA. CODA—Children of Deaf adults, is a non-profit organization for the adult hearing sons and daughters of deaf parents. The organization began in 1983 and has grown to include people from many different countries and very different family and extended family situations,† is the first thing that is stated on the national CODA webpage to back up their reassuring support with so many families. They insure ef fective communication within the family and stay to help. â€Å"Thank you,† is what so many are saying to the CODA foundation and they deserve more than that, how about a round of applause?

Digital Fortress Chapter 49

Becker dragged himself off the floor of the bus and collapsed in an empty seat. â€Å"Nice move, dipshit.† The kid with the three spikes sneered. Becker squinted in the stark lighting. It was the kid he'd chased onto the bus. He glumly surveyed the sea of red, white, and blue coiffures. â€Å"What's with the hair?† Becker moaned, motioning to the others. â€Å"It's all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Red, white, and blue?† the kid offered. Becker nodded, trying not to stare at the infected perforation in the kid's upper lip. â€Å"Judas Taboo,† the kid said matter-of-factly. Becker looked bewildered. The punk spit in the aisle, obviously disgusted with Becker's ignorance. â€Å"Judas Taboo? Greatest punk since Sid Vicious? Blew his head off here a year ago today. It's his anniversary.† Becker nodded vaguely, obviously missing the connection. â€Å"Taboo did his hair this way the day he signed off.† The kid spit again. â€Å"Every fan worth his weight in piss has got red, white, and blue hair today.† For a long moment, Becker said nothing. Slowly, as if he had been shot with a tranquilizer, he turned and faced front. Becker surveyed the group on the bus. Every last one was a punk. Most were staring at him. Every fan has red, white, and blue hair today. Becker reached up and pulled the driver-alert cord on the wall. It was time to get off. He pulled again. Nothing happened. He pulled a third time, more frantically. Nothing. â€Å"They disconnect 'em on bus 27.† The kid spat again. â€Å"So we don't fuck with 'em.† Becker turned. â€Å"You mean, I can't get off?† The kid laughed. â€Å"Not till the end of the line.† Five minutes later, the bus was barreling along an unlit Spanish country road. Becker turned to the kid behind him. â€Å"Is this thing ever going to stop?† The kid nodded. â€Å"Few more miles.† â€Å"Where are we going?† He broke into a sudden wide grin. â€Å"You mean you don't know?† Becker shrugged. The kid started laughing hysterically. â€Å"Oh, shit. You're gonna love it.†

Contextual role in lifespan dvelopment

Lifespan development is the process by which individuals go through a series of stages that unfold one after the other. Development applies to both the physical and non-physical dimensions. Almost all individuals agree that physical growth stops at certain points. However, there is a lot of contention about where the issue of personality development stops. Many authors have used descriptions such as adulthood, inner unity and self actualization in attempts to describe where this development ends. However, these definitions are all linked to certain cultural or historical aspects of a person’s life. This then brings out the importance of context within the field of lifespan development. The essay shall look at cultural, historical, spiritual aspects that affect how an individual’s lifespan development occurs. (Pogson and Tennant, 1995)Role of contextMany books address the stages that human beings go through as they grow but few of them pay attention to the forces or powe r that one’s social surrounding can have upon their lives.   It should be noted that the environment can influence ones’ development both physical and intellectually. This is because the environment can interact with ones genes and change the way they grow.Many theories exist about the stage of development. Some experts suggested seven stages; others suggested six while others believe that human beings go through five stages. While these stages may be common among certain individuals, one cannot ignore the fact that they are not applicable to all individuals. By establishing a system of theories that generalize developmental stages, these experts were ignoring one of the most crucial facts in development; the individual. Each and every person is exposed to different cultural or social aspects; consequently, that person is bound to turn out differently in comparison to their counterparts. (Jarvis, 1997)When one examines the nature of stages that their own lives have u ndergone, one can see that none of them actually fit ideally into the latter mentioned life stages. There are some delays in certain instances and there may also be some skips. One must therefore ask themselves why this is occurring. The answer is that human beings are creatures of their surrounding. Every single person is exposed to different experiences. This affects them both physically and otherwise and it can therefore affect the nature of their developmental process.Life development should not be mechanized in such a manner that one can assume that they can predict growth phases. Life is not clear cut and sometimes, one’s experiences can either cause that person to retrogress (in that they depict signs characteristics of an earlier stage), in other instances, experiences may propel individuals to enter into stages that may not be predicted for their age. Sometimes, one can undergo a certain stage twice and these are all as a result of people’s interaction with th eir environment. (Humphries, 1988)Some of the stages created by experts on lifespan development may not necessarily be prevalent in all parts of the world. The authors mentioned include ·   Erikson ·    Piaget ·    Kohlberg ·      EtcThese experts conducted their studies only in certain parts of the world while the rest were left out. Sometimes, some communities may not depict the characteristics laid out in their theories. For instance, stages such as mid life crisis may not prevalent in all parts of the world. Some people may assume that this is a western notion.Another important issue that affects development is one’s gender in relation to their surrounding. Because of the roles laid out by society with respect to gender issues, then one cannot assume that all societies will have individuals who go through similar stages as do other women in the rest of the world.Certain psychologists and sociologists came up with a series of factors that can affect the n ature of one’s life outcome. An example of such an author was Holmes and Rahe. The latter authors described some forty three items that can alter one’s perception of the world around them, these includedSA spouse death-100Divorcce-73Separation from a spouse-65A close family member’s death—63Detention in jail-63Illness-50Marriage-47Pregnancy-39Job retirement-45Others included reconciliation with a spouse, changes in health etc. (Rutter and Rutter, 1992)The latter ratings were in order of the event’s ability to alter one’s development. The authors explained that when these events occurred, then one had to succumb to overwhelming emotional burdens. It should be noted that the list largely contained a number of adult related issues. It was also explained that the degree to which he events alter one’s life is largely dependent on whether they were expected in one’s lifespan. Also the sequence within which those events occur also mat ters because when the events follow one another, then they can cause a crisis which eventually changes one life course.ConclusionIt should be noted that development largely depends on one’s experiences and environment. In other words, context is crucial. This is the reason why many developmental stages are not linear and vary from individual to individual.ReferencesRutter, B. and Rutter, M. (1992): Developing Minds. Challenge and continuity across the life span; PenguinPogson, P. and Tennant, M. (1995): Learning and Change in the Adult Years; Jossey-BassHumphries, B. (1988): Adult learning in social work education; Critical Social Policy No. 23: 4-21Jarvis, P. (1997): Adult Learning in the Social Context; Croom Helm

World

Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs Report VOLUME I INDIA March 2003 Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs CHAIRMAN Dr. Justice V. S. Malimath Formerly, Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal Member, National Human Rights Commission Bangalore 560 052 MEMBERS S. Varadachary, IAS, (Retd. ) Bangalore 560 076 Amitabh Gupta, IPS, (Retd. ) Formerly, Director General of Police, RAjasthan Jaipur 302 015 Prof. (Dr. ) N. R. Madhava Menon Vice-ChancellorWest Bengal National University Of Juridical Sciences Kolkatta 700 098 D. V. Subba Rao Advocate Chairman, Bar Council of India Vishakhapatnam MEMBER –SECRETARY Durgadas Gupta Joint Secretary Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India New Delhi 110 011 STAFF OF THE COMMITTEE Sri C. M. Basavarya Formerly, District & Sessions Judge, Registrar & Director of Training, High Cou rt of Karnataka. Bangalore 560 094. Executive Director Sri K. Girither Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Personal Assistant Smt Binnu Menon Sub Inspector Central Reserve Police Force Stenographer Sri S. M. Reddy Asst. Sub-InspectorCentral Reserve Police Force Clerk Sri V. Raja Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender Sri M. K. Uthaiah Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs) 12/A Diagonal Road Vasanthanagar Bangalore 560 052 â€Å"Everything has been said already, but as no one listens, we must always begin again. † Andre Gide French thinker and writer CONTENTS PART – I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Need for Reform of the Criminal Justice System Adversarial System Right to Silence Rights of the AccusedPresumption of Innocence and Burden of Proof Justice to Victims 3 23 39 59 65 75 PART – II INVESTIGATION 7. Investigation 8. 87 Prosecution PROSECUTION 125 PART – III JUDICIARY 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Courts and Judges Trial Procedure Witness and Perjury Vacation for Court Arrears Eradication Scheme 133 145 151 157 163 PART – IV CRIME & PUNISHMENT 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Offences, Sentences, Sentencing & Compounding Reclassification of Offences Offences against Women Organised Crime Federal Law and Crimes Terrorism Economic Crimes 169 181 189 195 207 213 233 PART –V LOOKING AHEAD 21. 22. 23. Emerging Role of the Legal ProfessionTraining – A Strategy for Reform Vision for Better Criminal Justice System 249 253 259 PART –VI RECOMMENDATIONS 24. Recommendations 265 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The nation is grateful to Sri. L. K. Advani, Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, for his vision for comprehensive reforms of the entire Criminal Justice System including the fundamental principles and the relevant laws. Hitherto, efforts were made to reform only certain set of laws, or one part icular functionary of the system in piecemeal. This type of compartmental examination missed the vital focus on justice to victims and national concern for peace and security.The commitment made by him and his distinguished colleague Sri. Arun Jaitley, Minister for Law and Justice, to implement the reforms, once the Committee makes its recommendations, is a fitting answer to the cynics that the Report on Reforms of Criminal Justice System will be one more addition to the several earlier reports that are gathering dust in the Archives of the Government. The Committee is beholden to the then Chief Justice of India, Dr. A. S. Anand, for calling upon all the High Courts to provide all information and assistance the Committee needs.Our grateful thanks to former Chief Justice Sri. B. N. Kirpal for ensuring that all the High Courts send the reports sought by the Committee on the State of Health of Criminal Justice in their respective States. The Committee is grateful to Sri Justice V. N. K hare, the Chief Justice of India for avincing keen interest in the Committee’ work. s Justice P. V. Reddy, Judge Supreme Court, the then Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court, placed at the disposal of the Committee, the building for housing the Committee’ office in Bangalore. The Committee is grateful to him. sThe Committee is grateful to all the State Governments, High Courts, Officers of the Police Departments, Prosecution Department, Law Departments and Home Department. Our sincere thanks to the Bar Association of India, New Delhi, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research at Mumbai and Asian College of Journalism, The Hindu in Chennai for collaborating with our Committee in organising seminars on different topics and to the National Law Universities at Bangalore and Kolkatta for rendering whatever assistance the Committee needed from time to time. Our thanks to Sri. Shivcharan Mathur, former Chief Minister Rajasthan, Sri.Justice N. L. Tibrewal, former Ch ief Justice of Rajasthan, Justice Dave, Sri. Rajendrashekhar, former Director CBI and DGP Rajasthan, Sri. K. P. S. Gill, former DGP Punjab and Assam, Sri. Rajath Sharma, Media personality and Prof. P. D. Sharma for assisting the Committee in organising the seminar at Jaipur. Our sincere thanks to Chief Ministers, Ministers, Judges— present and former, distinguished lawyers, Police Officers, media personalities, politicians, social scientists, institutions and organisations and NGOs who have assisted the Committee in organising or participating in seminars, group discussions or meetings.A word of special gratitude to the respected Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Vice-President of India, Former Chief Justices Ranganath Misra, Ahmadi and Kania, Justice Jagannatha Rao, Chairman, Law Commission of India, Justice Jayachandra Reddy, Chairman Press Council of India, Justice K. T. Thomas, Sri. Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General for India, Sri . Fali Nariman, President, Bar Association of India, Senior Counsel Dr. L. M.Singhvi, Sri. Venugopal, Sri. Shanti Bhushan, Sri. Dipankumar Gupta, Sri. V. R. Reddi, Sri. K. N. Bhat, Sri. C. S. Vaidyanathan, Sri Lalit Bhasin, Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General of England, Sri Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal and experts from USA, Judge Kevin Burke, Mr. Robert Litt, Mr. Ranganath Manthripragada, Ms. Dianne Post from the USA and Mme Maryvonne Callebotte, Mr. Jean Luis Nadal, Mr. Roussin, Mme. Claude Nocquet and Mr. Lothion from France.The Committee appreciates the helpful gesture of the Governments of USA, France and UK in inviting the Committee to visit their States to acquaint the Committee with the functioning of their respective Criminal Justice Systems and the reforms they are undertaking. The Committee could not go to USA ad UK for want of time. The Chairman and Sri. D. V. Subba Rao could visit France. Our grateful thanks to USAID for bringing in four experts to Delhi to brief the Committee about the American System. The Committee would like to record its deep sense of appreciation for the excellent dedicated service of Sri.C. M. Basavarya rendered as Executive Director of the Committee. The Committee is thankful to the Director General of CRPF for lending the staff consisting of Inspector K. Girither, Sub-Inspectors Binnu Menon and G. Yamini Rekha, Asst. Sub Inspector S. M. Reddy, Constables V. Raja and M. K. Uthaiah to work for the Committee. The Committee records its appreciation and conveys its thanks to each one of them for excellent service and help to the Committee to complete its task on schedule. PART – I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 2 3NEED FOR REFORM OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM _ â€Å"Law should not sit limply, while those who defy it go free and those who seek its protection lose hope†. (Jennison v. Baker (1972) 1 All ER 997). COMMITTEE AND ITS WORK 1. 1. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System was constituted by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs by its order dated 24 November 2000, to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System. (Annexure-1). The terms of reference for the Committee are: i. ii. iii. iv. v.To examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence, including the constitutional provisions relating to criminal jurisprudence and see if any modifications or amendments are required thereto; To examine in the light of findings on fundamental principles and aspects of criminal jurisprudence as to whether there is a need to re-write the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code and the Indian Evidence Act to bring them in tune with the demand of the times and in harmony with the aspirations of the people of India; To make specific recommendations on simplifying judicial procedures and ractices and making the delivery of justice to the common man closer, faster, uncomplicated and inexpensive; To suggest ways and means of developing such synergy among the judiciary, the Prosecution and the Police as restores the confidence of the common man in the Criminal Justice System by protecting the innocent and the victim and by punishing unsparingly the guilty and the criminal; To suggest sound system of managing, on professional lines, the pendency of cases at investigation and trial stages and making the Police, the Prosecution and the Judiciary accountable for delays in their respective domains; vi. To examine the feasibility of introducing the concept of â€Å"Federal Crime† which can be put on List I in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. 1. 2. The Committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Justice V. S. Malimath, former Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts, Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal and Member of the Human Rights Commission. The other members of the Committee are Sri S. Varadachary, IAS (Retd), former Advisor, Planning Commission of India and Sri Amitabh Gupta, former Director General of Police, Rajasthan.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Joint Secretary (Judicial), Ministry of Home Affairs was made the Secretary. On the recommendation of the Committee Justice Sri T. S. Arunachalam, former Judge of Madras High Court and Prof. N. R. Madhava Menon, Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences were co-opted. Later, Justice Sri. T. S. Arunachalam tendered his resignation on personal grounds where-upon Sri D. V. Subba Rao, Advocate who also happens to be Chairman of the Bar Council of India was co-opted in his place.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Secretary of the Committee was made the Member Secretary of the Committee. Sri C. M. Basavarya, former District Judge and Registrar of the Karnataka High Court was appointed as Executive Director so that the Committee has the benefit of trial court experience in criminal matters. The term of the Committee, which was six months from the date of its first sitting, has been extended till 31 March 2003. Thus it may be noted that there is a wholesome combination of expertise of all the relevant fields — the Judiciary, the Bar, the Police, the legal academic and administrator. . 3. The notification constituting the Committee does not expressly state the reasons for constituting the Committee, obviously for the reason that they are too well-known. The statement in the notification that the Committee has been constituted â€Å"to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System† implies that the Criminal Justice System is in such a very bad state as to call for revamping. A former Chief Justice of India warned about a decade ago that the Criminal Justice System in India was about to collapse.It is common knowledge that the two major problems It is common knowledge that the besieging the Criminal Justice System two major problems besieging the are huge pendency of criminal cases Criminal Justice System are huge and the inordinate delay in disposal of pendency of crimin al cases and the criminal cases on the one hand and the inordinate delay in disposal of very low rate of conviction in cases criminal cases on the one hand and involving serious crimes on the other. the very low rate of conviction in This has encouraged crime.Violent and cases involving serious crimes on organised crimes have become the the other. order of the day. As chances of convictions are remote, crime has 5 become a profitable business. Life has become unsafe and people live in constant fear. Law and order situation has deteriorated and the citizens have lost confidence in the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4. The ultimate aim of criminal law is protection of right to personal liberty against invasion by others – protection of the weak against the strong law abiding against lawless, peaceful against the violent.To protect the rights of the citizens, the State prescribes the rules of conduct, sanctions for their violation, machinery to enforce sanctions and procedure to pr otect that machinery. It is utter selfishness, greed and intolerance that lead to deprivation of life, liberty and property of other citizens requiring the State to step in for protection of the citizens’ rights. James Madison writes in his book The Federalist that â€Å"if men were angels no government would be necessary†. It is the primary function of the government to protect the basic rights to life and property.The State has to give protection to persons against lawlessness, disorderly behaviour, violent acts and fraudulent deeds of others. Liberty cannot exist without protection of the basic rights of the citizens by the Government. 1. 5. This is the first time that the State has constituted such a Committee for a thorough and comprehensive review of the entire Criminal Justice System so that necessary and effective systematic reforms can be made to improve the health of the system. Prison administration is one of the functionaries of the Criminal Justice System. However, it does not fall within the mandate of the Committee. All the earlier initiatives were of a limited character to bring about reforms in the relevant laws, substantive and procedural laws, judicial reforms or police reforms. The Committee is required to take into account the recommendations made by the Law Commission of India, the Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal Security, the Report of Task Force on Internal security and Padmanabhaiah Committee Report on Police Reforms. 1. 6. The terms of reference are very wide and comprehensive.They require the Committee to examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence and relevant constitutional provisions and to suggest if any modifications or amendments are needed. If, on such review the Committee finds that any amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code or the Indian Evidence Act are necessary to bring them in tune with the demands of time and the aspirations of the people, it can make necessary recommendations. The Committee is not called upon to take up a general review of all these three statutes. The mandate of the Committee is limited o recommending only such amendments to these statutes as may be necessary in the light of its findings on review of the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence. Therefore, the Committee has not undertaken any general review of these Statutes. 6 1. 7. The well recognised fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence are ‘ presumption of innocence and right to silence of the accused’ ‘ , burden of proof on the Prosecution’ and the ‘ right to fair trial’ Examination of . ‘ Adversarial System’ followed in India being an aspect of the concept of ‘ fair rial’ falls within the purview of the Committee. Simplifying judicial procedures and practices, bringing about synergy among the judiciary, Simplifying judicial procedures the Prosecution and Police, making an d practices, bringing about the system simpler, faster, cheaper synergy among the judiciary, the and people-friendly, and restoring the Prosecution and Police, making the confidence of the common man are system simpler, faster, cheaper and the other responsibilities of the people-friendly, and restoring the Committee.This includes improving confidence of the common man are the investigation and trial procedures the other responsibilities of the on professional lines for expeditious Committee. dispensation of justice and making the functionaries accountable. The Committee is also required to examine if the concept of ‘ Federal Crimes’ can be put in List 1 of the Seventh Schedule of the , Constitution so that it becomes the exclusive responsibility of the Central Government. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE COMMITTEE 1. 8.Realizing the importance and magnitude of the task, the Committee decided to reach out to every section of the society, which has a stake in the system, direct ly or indirectly. Accordingly the Committee decided to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) Prepare a questionnaire and obtain responses from all walks of society. Organize seminars on important issues in different parts of the country. Participate in seminars or meetings organised by others. Meet citizens from different States hailing from different walks of life.Obtain the views of the State Governments. Obtain the views of the High Courts and the Judges. Obtain the views of Central and State Bar Councils and members of the Bar. Seek the views of Attorney General and Advocate Generals of the States. Obtain the views of the Heads of Police Departments. Obtain the views of the Heads of Prosecution Departments. Obtain the views of the Forensic Scientists. Obtain the views of the academics in law. Obtain the views of the media persons. Get research done by scholars on important topics. 7 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)Study the relevant reports of the Law Commission of India, Report of Dharmavira Committee, Report of Padmanabhaiah Committee, Report of Vohra Committee, Report of Task Force on internal security, Report of Chief Ministers conference on Internal Security and other Commissions on topics relevant to the Criminal Justice System. Study the Criminal Justice Systems in U. K, Australia, France, USA and other countries and the reforms undertaken by them. Make a comparative study of Criminal Justice Systems in 20 selected countries from different continents. Interact with experts from different countries in the world.Examine Reports of the National Crime Bureau upto 2000. 1. 9. After an in-depth study of the problem facing the Criminal Justice System the questionnaire was prepared and sent to 3,164 persons enclosing a pre-paid envelope to enable them to respond without incurring any expenditure. The list includes the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Law Minister, Attorney General, Home Secretary, Law Secretary, Govt. of India, Law Commission of India and functionaries of the State Governments such as the Chief Ministers, Home Ministers, Law Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Law Secretaries, Home Secretaries, Advocate Generals, D.GsP, Director of Prosecution, the Chief Justices of the High Courts, Senior District Judges, different Bar Associations and State and Central Bar Councils, Bar Association Lawyers. However the number of responses received is only 284. 1. 10. Views of all the High Courts and information relating to institutions, pendency, disposal and other relevant information were sought from all the High Courts. As the response was not encouraging, the Chief Justice of India, on being requested by the Chairman, called upon all the High Courts to send their responses.As a result of the initiative of the Chief Justice, all the High Courts have sent their reports. (Refer Appendix 5, Volume II). However some of them have not furnished all the information sought, in the pro forma in regard to filing, disposal, pendency of criminal cases etc. 1. 11. Similarly all the State Governments were requested to send their views. But only the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have submitted their replies. Other States have not responded inspite of repeated requests. (Refer Appendix 6, Volume II). . 12. Reports on the functioning of the prosecution system in all the States were sought from the respective heads of Police Departments. Reports have been received from the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, 8 Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Uttaranchal. Others have not responded. (Refer Appendix 7, Volume III). 1. 13. The Committee organised seminars as follows: – Date 9 February 2002 Place Chennai Topic Media and Criminal Justice System 23/24 February 2002 Jaipur Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Investigation, Sentencing and Prosecution) 2/23 March 2002 Mumbai Economic Crimes and Finan cial Frauds 26/27/28 April 2002 Delhi Fundamental Principles of Criminal Justice – A Fresh Look. 1. 14. Several other seminars organised on the recommendations of the Committee by different organizations and many more seminars organised by different organisations on the topics concerning the Criminal Justice System in which the Chairman or members of the Committee actively participated are the following: Date Place Topic 16 February 2002 Haveri, Karnataka Reforms of Criminal Justice System 10 July 2002 Delhi Use of Handcuffing – a rational approach. 7/28 July 2002 Hyderabad Forensic Science, its use and application in investigation and prosecution. 12 September 2002 Lucknow Symposium on Criminal Justice Administration and Dalits 13 September 2002 Allahabad 4 October 2002 Delhi Application of Information Technology in Legal System and Reforms Of Criminal Justice System. Insulating Police from External Pressures. 10/11 October 2002 Delhi Law of Arrest Accountability. 11 January 2003 Pune Reforms of Criminal Justice System –Speedier and Efficient Procedure for Trial Of Criminal Cases. – Police Powers and 9 1. 15.It is heartening to know that many eminent personalities participated in these seminars. Notable among them are Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (now Vice-President of India), Sri Arun Jaitley, Honourable Minister for Law, former Chief Justices Sri Ranganath Misra, Sri A. M. Ahmadi, Sri M. H. Kania, Dr. A. S. Anand, former Supreme Court Judges Sri. K. Jayachandra Reddy, Sri. Jaganadha Rao, Sri. K. T. Thomas and many Senior Advocates Sri. Fali Nariman, Sri Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General, Sri K. K. Venugopal, Sri Shantibhushan, Sri. P.P. Rao, Sri V. R. Reddy, Sri. Dipankar P. Gupta, Sri. K. N. Bhat. 1. 16. The Chairman held discussions with Mr. Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal who is engaged in reforming the criminal prosecution system in his country. The Chairman discusse d with Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General of U. K and held discussion with particular reference to several reforms undertaken in that country. The Chairman and members Professor Madhava Menon and Mr. Subba Rao participated in a video conference on reforms with prominent criminal lawyers from U. K. The Chairman and member Mr.Subba Rao visited Paris on the invitation of the French Government to study the Inquisitorial System followed in that country. Similar invitation from USA Agency USAID could not be accepted for want of time. Therefore USAID was good enough to send four experts to New Delhi who enlightened the Committee about the salient features of the Criminal Justice System in USA. 1. 17. The Committee made an in-depth study of the materials gathered in respect of all the 19 items mentioned in the earlier paragraph. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM – AN OVERVIEW:Whatever views one holds about the penal law, no one will question its importance to society.This is the law on which men place their ultimate reliance for protection against all the deepest injuries that human conduct can inflict on individuals and institutions. By the same token, penal law governs the strongest force that we permit official agencies to bring to bear on individuals. Its promise as an instrument of safety is matched only by its power to destroy. Nowhere in the entire legal field is more at stake for the community or for the individual. Herbert Wechsler 10 1. 18. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society. Every man was liable to be attacked on his person or property at any time by any one.The person attacked either succumbed or over-powered his opponent. â€Å"A tooth for a tooth, an eye for an eye, a life for a life† was the forerunner of criminal justice. As time advanced, the injured person agreed to accept compensation, instead of killing his adversary. Subsequently, a sliding scale of satisfying ordinary offences came into existence. Such a system gave birth to the a rchaic criminal law. For a long time, the application of these principles remained with the parties themselves, but gradually this function came to be performed by the State. . 19. Since Independence and the promulgation of our Constitution rapid strides have been made in almost all fields. The communication revolution has opened the eyes, ears and minds of millions of people, resulting in increasing expectations of an ever growing population. The desire for quick, fair and affordable justice is universal. Protection of life and liberty have been given a pre-eminent position in our Constitution by enacting Article 21 as a fundamental right and imposing a duty on the State to protect life and personal liberty of every citizen.Any deprivation or breach of this valuable right is not permissible unless the procedure prescribed by law for that purpose is just, fair and reasonable. Has the State been able to keep up to this promise in a substantial measure? The ground reality, however, is that this precious fundamental right is turning out to be a mere pipe dream to many millions to whom justice is delayed, distorted or denied more than its delivery in accordance with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution. The entire existence of the orderly society depends upon sound and efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. 1. 20.Latest report of the National Crime Record Bureau, 2000 (NCRB) published by the Ministry of Home Affairs, shows that in the year 1951 there were 6,49,728 cognizable crimes under the IPC. This has risen to 17,71,084 in the year 2000. In the year 1953 (figures for 1951 are not available) there were 49,578 violent crimes whereas in the year 2000 the number of violent crimes has increased to 2,38,381 (for the sake of illustration only figures of cognizable IPC crimes have been taken). These figures indicate an abnormal increase in the number of serious crimes. At the same time the population of the country which was 361. million in 1951 has increased to 1002. 1 million in 2000. 11 Consolidated Statement of Police Strength and of Cases Investigated by the Police in India 1996 to 2000 S. No 1. 2. 1996 Total strength of State Police Forces 1997 1998 1999 2000 9,56,620 9,87,378 10,20,171 10,32,956 10,26,917 3. Workload of Civil Police : Total cases investigated by police divided by total number of investigating officer (ASIs to Inspectors) IPC Cases 16,78,453 16,63,666 17,53,121 17,94,390 17,92,896 SLL Cases 41,95,778 46,00,513 44,09,133 35,47,072 33,66,127 Total Total number of cases in which investigation as completed by the police – 58,74,231 62,64,179 61,62,254 53,42,462 51,59,023 IPC Cases SLL Cases 18. 7 17. 8 17. 8 17. 2 16. 5 41. 7 42. 9 39. 3 28. 3 26. 1 60. 4 60. 7 57. 1 45. 5 42. 6 Total Consolidated Statement of Cases Dealt with by the Courts in India from 1996 to 2000 Sl No 1 1996 No. of IPC cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of the year 52,97,662 199 7 54,81,004 1998 56,60,484 1999 58,90,744 2000 60,23,134 12 Sl No 2 3 4 5 1996 No. of SLL cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of he year No. of cases in which trial was completed during the year IPC cases SLL cases No. of cases pending trial at the end of the year IPC cases SLL cases Total Conviction rate of those cases in which trial was completed IPC Cases SLL cases 1997 1998 1999 2000 7120383 7751906 7910411 7219222 6717380 843588 3487815 879928 3732474 895414 3679707 930729 3221158 933181 2518475 4252918 4395644 4585559 4775216 4921710 3259637 3625072 3784163 3506947 3649230 7512555 8020716 8369722 8282163 8570940 37. 8% 38. 2% 37. 4% 39. 6% 41. 8% 87. 3% 87. 9% 86. 7% 87. 9% 81. 4% Table 2 1. 21.Out of every 100 cases (both IPC and SLL crimes) reported to and taken up by the Police for investigation, between 25 and 30 cases are IPC crimes and the balance is accounted for by SLL crimes. Of the IPC crimes taken up by police for i nvestigation every year, The above statistics suggest that as of investigation is completed by January 2003, assuming that we have a the police in 76% to 80% of crime free society with Police not having to these cases. The corresponding take cognizance of and investigate any percentage in respect of SLL crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and cases is between 85 and 95. he strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency 1. 22. The above statistics wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! ) it suggest that as of January 2003, will take a minimum of another four years for the courts to dispose of all these cases. assuming that we have 13 a crime free society with Police not having to take cognizance of and investigate any crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and the strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! it will take a minimum of another four years for the court s to dispose of all these cases. 1. 23. These figures show that the courts have not been able to cope up with the number of cases that come before them for trial every year. According to Table 1 the total number of complaints received by the police and cases registered during the year 2000 in India is 56,62,773. It is a matter of common knowledge that several persons who are victims of crimes do not complain to the police. During the year 2000 the total number of cases charge-sheeted after investigation is 50,98,304.The total number of cases disposed of by the courts in the year 2000 is 9,32,774. So far as the cases under IPC are concerned, the analysis in the report on page 1 of the NCRB report shows that 79% of IPC cases were investigated in the year 2000, 78. 4% of them were charge-sheeted, 18. 3% of them were tried and 41. 8% of them resulted in conviction. In many Countries like U. K. , U. S. A, France, Japan and Singapore the rate of conviction is more than 90%. 1. 24. Quality of justice suffers not only when an innocent person is punished or a guilty person is exonerated but when there s enormous delay in deciding the criminal Quality of justice suffers cases. It is a trite saying that justice delayed is not only when an innocent justice denied. Table 25(b) of the NCRB report, person is punished or a 2000 furnishes the duration of trial of cases guilty person is exonerated during 2000. It is seen that 10,382 cases of the but when there is enormous duration of 3 to 5 years, 6,503 cases of the delay in deciding the duration of 5-10 years and 2,187 cases of the criminal cases. duration of over 10 years were disposed of by ll the courts in India during 2000. Taking more than 3 years (sometimes even 10 years) amounts to denying fair trial. Speedy trial is a right of the accused that flows from Article 21 as held by the Supreme Court. If the accused is acquitted after such long delay one can imagine the Taking more than 3 unnecessary suffering he was subjecte d to. Many years (sometimes even times such inordinate delay contributes to acquittal 10 years) amounts to of guilty persons either because the evidence is lost or because of lapse of time, or the witnesses do not denying fair trial. emember all the details or the witnesses do not come forward to give true evidence due to threats, inducement or sympathy. Whatever may be the reason it is justice that becomes a casualty. 14 1. 25. Vulnerable sections of the society like women, children and other members of weaker sections of society like the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes suffer more when the Criminal Justice System fails to live up to expectations. Crime Against Women Sl No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Crime Head Rape Kidnapping and Abduction Dowry Death Torture Molestation Sexual HarassmentImportation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral Traffic (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act 11. Dowry Prohibition Act Total 1998 15151 16351 6975 41376 30959 8054 146 0 8695 190 1999 154 68 15962 6699 43823 32311 8858 1 0 9363 222 2000 16496 15023 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 Percentage variation in 2000 over 1999 6. 6 -5. 9 4. 4 4. 5 1. 9 24. 5 63. 0 1. 6 198. 2 3578 131475 3064 135771 2876 141373 -6. 1 4. 1 Year Table 3 Several disturbing features are seen from the figures given in this table. There is a 6. 6% increase in the offence of rape from 1999 to 2000.So far as the percentage of sexual harassment during the same period is concerned, there is an increase of 24. 5%. What is worst is the figures relating to importation of girls obviously for sex which has increased to 63% during 2000. This is quite shocking. 15 1. 26. So far as offences against children are concerned, Table 4 furnishes information about the incidents of different types of offences against them between 1996 and 2000. Offences Against Children Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation 2000 2000 over over 1996 1999 -23. 3 -0. 7 24. 5 -10. 1 1996 1. Child Rape . Kidnapping and abduction 3. Procuration of minor girls 4. Selling of girls for prostitution 5. Buying of girls for prostitution 6. Abetment of Suicide 7. Exposure and abandonment 8. Infanticide 9. Foeticide 10. Child marriage restraint act Total 1997 1998 1999 2000 4083 571 4414 620 4153 699 3153 791 3132 711 94 6 87 9 171 11 172 13 147 15 56. 4 150. 0 -14. 5 15. 3 22 13 13 5 53 140. 9 960 11 554 13 582 28 575 24 593 18 660 63. 6 19. 1 -25 11. 2 113 39 89 107 57 78 114 62 56 87 61 58 104 91 92 -8. 8 133. 3 3. 4 19. 5 49. 2 58. 6 5582 5980 5882 4957 5023 -10. 0 1. 3Table 4 The figures show a mixed trend during the last five years. There is an increase of 1. 3% from 1999 to 2000. 16 1. 27. So far as incidence of child rape is concerned, there were 744 victims below 10 years and 2,880 victims between of 10 and 16 years. This shows the extent of child abuse that is prevalent in India and the failure of the system to contain it. This is very disturbing. 1. 28. So far as crime against other weaker sections of th e society namely the SC and ST are concerned, the figures for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 are furnished in the Tables 5 and 6.Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 1998 1. Murder 516 506 526 1999 over 1998 -1. 9 2. Rape 923 1000 1083 8. 3 8. 3 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 253 228 268 -9. 8 17. 5 4. Dacoity 49 36 38 -26. 5 5. 6 5. Robbery 150 109 108 -27. 3 -0. 9 6. Arson 346 337 290 -2. 6 -13. 9 7. Hurt 3809 3241 3497 -14. 9 7. 9 8. PCR Act 724 678 672 -6. 3 -0. 9 9. SC/ST 7443 7301 7386 -1. 9 1. 2 11425 11657 11587 2. 0 -0. 6 25638 25093 25455 -2. 1 1. 4 (Prev. of 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 4. 0 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 5 17 Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 998 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 59 1999 over 1998 21. 2 66 80 331 384 403 16. 0 4. 9 56 59 48 5. 3 18. 6 1. Murder 2. Rape 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 4. Dacoity 5 3 5 -40. 0 66. 7 5. Robbery 15 8 2 -46. 6 -75. 0 6. Arson 38 43 32 13. 2 -25. 6 7. Hurt 638 646 447 1. 2 -30. 8 8. PCR Act 50 45 31 -10. 0 -31. 1 9. SC/ST 709 574 502 -19. 0 -12. 5 2368 2608 2661 10. 1 -2. 0 4276 4450 4190 4. 1 -5. 8 (Prev. of 26. 3 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 6 In the year 2000 there was an increase of 1. 4% of crimes against the members of SC. So far as the members of the ST are oncerned the figures indicate that there was an Economic crimes like increase in the number of crimes like murder, smuggling, money laundering, rape, kidnapping, dacoity during 2000 tax evasion, drug trafficking, compared to the figures of the previous year. corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the 1. 29. Economic crimes like smuggling, vitals of the nation in a very money laundering, tax evasion, drug big way. trafficking, corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the vitals of the nation in a very big way. Table 7 furnishes information about major frauds reported during 2000.